Sore throat

A sore throat, also called pharyngitis, causes pain and scratchiness in the throat. It often worsens when swallowing. Most sore throats are caused by viral infections, like colds or the flu.

Common Causes

In Adults

• Viral infections (cold or flu)
• Allergies (pet dander, dust, pollen, mold)
• Dry indoor air
• GERD (acid reflux)
• Irritants (smoke, chemicals, alcohol, spicy foods)
• Bacterial infections (strep throat)
• Tonsillitis
• Other infections (measles, chickenpox, mononucleosis, HIV)
• Tumors in throat, tongue, or larynx

In Children

• Common cold
• Croup (barking cough)
• Strep throat
• Stomatitis (mouth and throat sores)
• Peritonsillar or retropharyngeal abscess

Symptoms

Adults

• Throat pain or scratchiness
• Difficulty swallowing
• Hoarseness
• Swollen, tender neck glands
• Red or enlarged tonsils with white patches

Children

• Fatigue
• Drooling
• Pus in throat
• Refusal to drink fluids
• Difficulty swallowing

When to See a Doctor

• Symptoms last more than a week
• Severe pain, fever over 101°F, or difficulty swallowing
• Swelling in neck or face
• New lumps, rashes, or breathing problems
• Signs of dehydration (difficulty drinking fluids)

Diagnosis

• Health history and physical exam
• Throat swab for strep test
• Blood test for mononucleosis
• Chest X-ray if pneumonia is suspected

Treatment & Home Care

• Avoid alcohol, spicy foods, and acidic drinks
• Stay away from smoke and irritants
• Drink warm liquids to soothe the throat
• Gargle with warm salt water
• Use over-the-counter pain relievers (acetaminophen or ibuprofen)
• Throat sprays and lozenges for relief
• Use a humidifier to keep indoor air moist

Bacterial Infections

• Antibiotics may be prescribed for strep throat
• Tonsillectomy may be needed for recurrent tonsillitis

Prevention

• Avoid close contact with sick individuals
• Do not share food, cups, or utensils
• Sanitize frequently touched items (phones, remotes, keyboards)
• Cover mouth and nose when sneezing or coughing
• Wash hands thoroughly or use alcohol-based sanitizer