Rhinitis

Rhinitis, also called hay fever or allergic rhinitis, is an allergic reaction that inflames the nose. Symptoms include nasal congestion, runny nose, sneezing, and itching. Despite its name, hay fever is not caused by hay and does not cause fever. Unlike a cold, rhinitis is not contagious.

Causes of Rhinitis

Rhinitis happens when your immune system mistakes harmless substances as threats. This triggers histamine release and allergy symptoms.

Common Triggers

• Foods or spices causing allergic reactions
• Certain medications or overuse of nasal sprays
• Changes in the environment or temperature
• Strong smells or airborne irritants
• Hormonal changes
• Tobacco smoke or other irritants

Other Allergy Triggers

• Grass, tree, and weed pollen (seasonal)
• Pet dander, dust mites, and cockroach waste (year-round)
• Mold and fungal spores

Rhinitis Symptoms

• Fatigue, headaches, general discomfort
• Nasal symptoms:
  • Runny nose, congestion, sneezing
  • Itchy nose, nosebleeds, sinus discomfort
• Eye symptoms: watery, red, or itchy eyes
• Throat symptoms: itchy throat, coughing, snoring
• Ear symptoms: ear infections, dark circles under eyes (allergic shiners)

When to See a Doctor

• Medications do not relieve symptoms
• Symptoms persist for weeks or months
• Concurrent conditions like asthma or sinus infections worsen symptoms

Diagnosis

Doctors diagnose rhinitis with a health history, physical exam, and sometimes tests:

• Skin prick test to identify allergens
• Allergy blood test (RAST) to measure antibodies

Treatment

The first step is avoiding allergens. If not possible, medications can help.

Medications

• Antihistamines: oral, nasal, or eye drops (e.g., Claritin, Zyrtec, Allegra)
• Decongestants: pills, liquids, or nasal sprays (e.g., Sudafed, Afrin)
• Nasal corticosteroids: prescription sprays (e.g., Nasonex, Flonase)
• Oral corticosteroids: short-term use for severe symptoms (e.g., prednisone)

Other Treatments

• Allergy tablets (sublingual immunotherapy)
• Allergy shots (immunotherapy)
• Nasal saline rinses (e.g., Neti Pot) to flush allergens and mucus

Who is at Risk?

• People with asthma, eczema, or atopic dermatitis
• Living in high-allergen environments
• Exposure to tobacco smoke early in life

Managing Rhinitis

Reduce allergen exposure at home:

• Keep windows closed during high pollen seasons
• Use air purifiers
• Wash bedding and vacuum frequently

Proper management can improve quality of life and may help control asthma or sinus problems.